Lack of ovulation (anovulatory cycle)

Anovulatory cycle – how to wake up sleeping eggs. In the ovary there are special structures – follicles in which eggs mature. In the middle of the cycle, the follicle ruptures, releasing the mature germ cell into the fallopian tube to meet the sperm. However, in some cases, the egg does not leave its container and does not seek to fertilize.

Cycles that are not accompanied by ovulation are called anovulatory. Such a violation leads to infertility.

How the female body works and why nature fails

Normally , the menstrual cycle is divided into three phases:

  • Follicular, occurring after the end of menstrual bleeding. During it, the cerebral appendage – the pituitary gland – secretes follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), which “spurs” the development of follicles, one or two of which will burst in the middle of the cycle and release mature eggs. In parallel, the ovaries increase the production of female hormones-estrogens, especially estradiol.
  • Ovulatory – closer to the end of egg maturation, the production of another hormone – luteinizing (LH) begins. Under its influence, ovulation occurs. The follicle bursts, and the egg goes into the fallopian tube to meet the sperm.
  • The phase of the corpus luteum, during which the fertilized cell descends into the uterus and is implanted. The burst follicle turns into a yellow body, secretes progesterone and sex hormones necessary to maintain pregnancy.

With an anovulatory cycle, this system gets lost. Most often, the violation is associated with a change in the concentration of female hormones, which may be too much or too little. Due to hormonal imbalance, there is a significant thickening of the inner uterine layer – the endometrium.

After reaching a certain limit, the mucosa begins to peel off, which leads to a violation of the integrity of the vessels and menstrual bleeding. Its strength and duration can be different and vary from month to month. The constant thickening of the mucosa leads to the formation of polyps – mushroom-like growths, which further complicate fertilization.

In some periods of life, for example, in puberty (adolescence) and when entering menopause, this situation is considered the norm and does not require treatment. Periodic anovulatory cycles in a healthy woman are also not dangerous. Medical care is required if there is a constant absence of ovulation, which does not allow getting pregnant and negatively affects the state of health.

Causes of anovulatory cycles

  • Pathologies of the pituitary gland – the cerebral process that secretes hormones that ensure the maturation of the follicle and the release of the egg. The causes of his work disorders may be brain injuries, infections or congenital underdevelopment.
  • Prolactinemia is the production of prolactin, which normally should be responsible for breastfeeding, milk production and inhibit ovulation during breastfeeding. However, in some cases, the concentration of this hormonal substance increases outside the lactation period, leading to inhibition of egg development. The causes of this phenomenon are pituitary tumors, taking certain medications, cirrhosis of the liver, kidney diseases.
  • Diseases of the thyroid gland, the hormones of which affect the work of all body systems. Thyroid insufficiency inhibits ovulation, and in severe cases can lead to amenorrhea – the cessation of menstruation.
  • Adrenal hyperfunction. Anovulatory cycles occur with increased production of male hormones by these organs – androgens.
  • Pathological processes in the ovaries that disrupt the production of female hormonal substances – estrogens. Such a condition can provoke cysts and chronic adnexitis (inflammation). Anovulatory cycles are common for polycystic ovarian disease, in which the eggs do not ovulate, but remain inside the follicles, turning into small cysts.
  • An abortion performed at a late date. In this situation, the body, which has tuned in to carrying a child, gets the strongest stress. Hormonal failure occurs, leading to the shutdown of ovulation.

anovulatory cycle

Symptoms of the anovulatory cycle

The complaints accompanying this violation depend on the level of hormones:

With a normal hormonal background, the absence of ovulation does not cause any complaints. According to the number of days and the volume of blood lost, the menstrual-like reaction that has occurred fits perfectly into the standard critical days. The patient learns about the problem when she decides to have a child. Conception does not occur in any way, and by contacting a doctor, the patient learns about the existing violation that led to infertility.

With increased production of female estrogen hormones – hyperestrogenism – prolonged copious menstrual discharge may occur, leading to anemia (anemia). Sometimes, due to hormonal imbalance, blood clotting decreases, which aggravates the situation.

With a decrease in the amount of female hormones – hypoestrogenia – menstruation becomes short, sparse, irregular.

Treatment anovulatory cycle

A woman is prescribed ovulation stimulation with the help of medications that affect the growth of eggs and their exit from the follicle. Medications allow you to “wake up” follicles containing eggs. The process is controlled by a gynecologist, who prescribes periodic ultrasound examinations of the ovaries, fixing the exit of germ cells into the fallopian tubes.

Against the background of the treatment, the possibility of pregnancy increases by 70%. However, artificial ovulation often knocks out several eggs from the ovaries, which increases the likelihood of multiple pregnancies.

Clomiphene: Characteristics of the substance

Characteristic of the substance Clomiphene is a white or white crystalline powder with a cream tint. Slightly soluble in water, moderately soluble in alcohol.

Pharmacological action is antiestrogenic. Binds estrogen receptors in the hypothalamus and ovaries. When ingested, it is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. It is metabolized in the liver. It is excreted with bile, undergoes enterohepatic recirculation. It is excreted from the body with feces. T1/2 is 5-7 days. In small doses, it enhances the secretion of gonadotropins, stimulates ovulation. With a low content of endogenous estrogens in the body, it has a moderate estrogenic effect, with a high level — antiestrogenic. By reducing the level of circulating estrogens, it promotes the secretion of gonadotropins. In large doses, it inhibits the secretion of gonadotropins. It does not have gestagenic and androgenic activity.

Application of the substance Clomiphene

Anovulatory infertility (ovulation induction), dysfunctional uterine bleeding, amenorrhea (dysgonadotropic form, secondary, postcontractive), galactorrhea (against the background of pituitary tumor), polycystic ovaries (Stein—Leventhal syndrome), Chiari-Frommel syndrome, androgen deficiency, oligospermia, for the diagnosis of disorders of the gonadotropic function of the pituitary gland.

Anovulatory infertility (ovulation induction); amenorrhea (dysgonadotropic form), secondary amenorrhea, post-contraceptive amenorrhea; Stein-Leventhal syndrome (polycystic ovary syndrome); oligomenorrhea; galactorrhea (on the background of a pituitary tumor); Chiari-Frommel syndrome (syndrome of prolonged postpartum amenorrhea-galactorrhea); androgen deficiency; in men – oligospermia.

clomiphene

Contraindications

Hypersensitivity, severe hepatic and/or renal insufficiency, uterine bleeding of unknown etiology, ovarian cyst, tumor or insufficiency of pituitary function, pregnancy (including suspicion of it).

Hypersensitivity to clomiphene; pregnancy, lactation (breastfeeding); ovarian cyst (with the exception of polycystic ovarian syndrome); tumor or hypofunction of the pituitary gland; thyroid or adrenal dysfunction; metrorrhagia of unclear etiology; long-term or recently developed visual disturbances; neoplasms of the genitals; endometriosis; ovarian insufficiency against hyperprolactinemia.

Special instructions

It is recommended to check liver function before using clomiphene.

Before using Clomid, it is necessary to conduct a thorough gynecological examination. The use of clomiphene is indicated in cases when the total level of gonadotropin in the urine is below the lower limit of the norm or at the normal level, ovarian palpation does not reveal deviations from the norm, and the functions of the thyroid gland and adrenal glands correspond to the norm.

In the absence of egg maturation, all other possible causes of infertility should be excluded or treated before the use of clomiphene. If an increase in the ovaries or their cystic transformation is detected, the use of clomiphene is not allowed until the ovaries return to normal size. In the future, the dose or duration of treatment should be reduced.

In the course of treatment, constant supervision of a gynecologist is necessary, ovarian function should be monitored, vaginal examinations should be performed, and the phenomenon of the “pupil” should be observed. Often during the course of treatment it is difficult to determine the moment of ovulation, and there is also often a deficiency of the corpus luteum. Therefore, after conception, it is recommended to start preventive administration of progesterone.

Effectiveness of clomid

Effectiveness of clomid: Arrighi’s data on the low efficacy of clomiphene in patients with an inferior luteal phase confirm the good results we have obtained in the treatment of this pathology with synthetic progestins. So, according to Townsend, clomiphene will give effect only with a daily excretion of estrogens of at least 10 mcg /day. According to other authors, ovulation stimulation with clomiphene is possible only in patients with estrogen excretion of at least 20 mcg per day.

There are indications of low efficacy of clomiphene in patients with initial high gonadotropin secretion. Obviously, this applies to patients whose ovarian tissue is unable to respond to stimulation with gonadotropins and clomiphene.

A summary analysis of the data on the use of clomiphene in 6714 patients with anovulation, conducted by Macgregor, showed that ovulation appears in 70%, and pregnancy occurs only in 32.7% of women. Such a discrepancy between the frequency of ovulation and the onset of pregnancy is usually explained by the appearance of cyclic secretion of LH at an inappropriate time, resulting in premature luteinization of follicles without full ovulation.

Purpose and effectiveness of clomid

The administration of clomiphene in patients with impaired gonadotropin secretion revealed its low effectiveness compared to gonadotropins. In addition, it should be noted that every 5th woman with the onset of pregnancy after the use of clomiphene has an interruption in the second trimester (18.5%).

Our own experience of using clomiphene in 51 patients (in the presence of anovulation in 22 and an incomplete luteal phase in 29) showed that ovulation occurred in almost all women, and pregnancy occurred only in 18 of 51, i.e. in every third patient.

effectiveness of clomid

Effect

At the same time, the best effect was achieved in patients with anovulation. Ovulation was confirmed by an increase in the excretion of total estrogens by 2-3 times, and pregnanediol by 3 times. In most patients, 10-12 days after the end of taking clomiphene, the excretion of estrogens increases to 50-70 mcg / day and ovulation occurs, followed by an increase in basal temperature and the excretion of pregnanediol. If pregnancy has not occurred, then a menstrual-like reaction occurs 10-12 days after the basal temperature rises.

The effectiveness of clomid (treatment with clomiphene) in patients with estrogen excretion below 10 mcg / day was insignificant. Only 1 out of 8 patients with prolonged amenorrhea became pregnant. The relatively low effectiveness of treatment with clomiphene in patients with an inferior luteal phase was also noted.

Blood and testosterone

So, blood and testosterone. The red bone marrow is the most important organ of the hematopoietic system in humans, which carries out hematopoiesis, or hematopoiesis — the process of creating new blood cells to replace dying and dying ones.

Hematopoiesis is the blood production that occurs in the bone marrow, due to stimulation by erythropoietin.

Erythropoietin is a hormone synthesized in the kidneys. It stimulates the formation of red blood cells in the bone marrow.

Erythrocytes are blood cells containing hemoglobin. Their main function is to deliver oxygen to tissues and organs.

Hemoglobin is a protein contained in red blood cells and carries out the exchange of oxygen between the lungs and tissues of the body.

Hematocrit is defined as the ratio of the total volume of all shaped elements to the total volume of blood.

Platelets are blood cells in the form of blood plates, whose main function is to participate in blood clotting. They are formed in the bone marrow and protect the body from bleeding, as well as react to vascular damage by forming blood clots.

Steroids and blood

Blood and testosteroneЖ When it comes to the side effects associated with the use of testosterone, the term “Thick blood” often arises, this term is not particularly scientific and does not mean what it really is.

Blood and testosterone

In fact, the so-called thick blood is an increase in the amount of hemoglobin and red blood cells, which in turn leads to an increase in hematocrit. It is the increase in hematocrit that is the increase in blood density, which is due to the intake of testosterone. Since testosterone increases the secretion of erythropoietin, which significantly stimulates hematopoiesis.This is a normal situation when taking testosterone, so you should not always worry if hematocrit grows. The main thing is that the hematocrit remains within the reference values, norms.

Blood and testosterone: Norms

Hematocrit – 39-51%

Hemoglobin – 130-170 g/l

Erythrocytes – 4.2-5.7 million/ml

Platelets — 180-350 thousand/ml

In turn, increased hematocrit will lead to certain side effects. In fact, there are two of them. The first is an increase in the load on the cardiovascular system, because of the thicker blood, the movement of blood through the vessels is hampered, which leads to an increased load on the heart and blood vessels. This usually manifests itself in the form of increased blood pressure and heart rate. The second is the risk of blood clot formation, the risk of thrombosis. This is due to an increase in the number of red blood cells.

Prerequisites for an increase in hematocrit

  1. Smoking
  2. Insufficient water consumption

An increase in hematocrit, erythrocytes and hemoglobin is called Erythrocytosis. Erythrocytosis is of two types, primary and secondary. Primary erythrocytosis – occurs as a result of true polycythemia, a myeloproliferative neoplasm in which pathological cells in the bone marrow produce too many red blood cells. Secondary erythrocytosis develops as a result of a disease in which the secretion of erythropoietin increases. Erythropoietin is a hormone that is synthesized in the kidneys and stimulates the production of red blood cells by the bone marrow.

Blood and testosterone: Elevated platelets

Risk of thrombosis. An increase in platelets is called thrombocytosis. There are two types of thrombocytosis: Primary and secondary. Primary thrombocytosis, in this case, an increased number of megakaryocytes is formed in the bone marrow, which increases the number of platelets having a normal lifespan, but an incorrect structure and impaired functions. Secondary (reactive) thrombocytosis. With it, platelets function normally, and the cause of the disease itself is some other deviation.

Take even clomid very carefully. When taking pharmacology, secondary thrombocytosis develops. It passes after the withdrawal of drugs.

Methods of reducing hematocrit

Phlebotomy

Phlebotomy is bloodletting. The procedure is resorted to in the case of polycythemia, a hematological disease in which too many red blood cells, leukocytes, platelets are produced in bone marrow cells, which can lead to thrombosis.

Erythrocytapheresis

Erythrocytapheresis is a method of extracorporeal hemocorrection based on the removal of certain cellular components of the patient’s blood – erythrocytes. The indications for it correspond to the indications for ordinary bloodletting.

Blood and testosterone: Conclusions

Using chemotherapy drugs to reduce hematocrit, while increasing the risk of developing leukemia, instead of doing erythrocytopheresis or phlebotomy, which are very safe, does not seem to be a very good idea.

In general, discussing the number of side effects and the effectiveness of interferon alpha, hydroxyurea or pipobrovan, which, by the way, is more preferable than hydroxyurea, would make sense if not for one thing — erythrocytapheresis or phlebotomy have no side effects at all and they are more effective.

From the author: My guess is that in general someone thought of using these drugs instead of draining blood just because he was too lazy to go and drain the blood, since it’s obviously easier to take a pill. I’m still in shock that someone is seriously considering taking such drugs. Yes, hematocrit 54% will be safer than taking hydroxyurea. It will be safer to do nothing here than to do something.

Clomiphene therapy is over, and testosterone is holding up.

Clomiphene therapy is used primarily as a supportive therapy for secondary hypogonadotropic hypogonadism or testosterone deficiency. With hypogonadotropic testosterone deficiency, LH, the pituitary hormone that stimulates the testicles to release testosterone, decreases. The reason for the decrease in LH, most often, it is impossible to determine. The main, and most frequent, reason is age. With age, LH decreases significantly, which leads to a deficiency of testosterone.

Clomiphene therapy

The main goal of clomiphene therapy is to maintain LH at higher values. It should be understood that clomiphene therapy is not curative, it will not “cure” the testicles or pituitary gland, so that later more hormones are released for a long time than before the start of therapy. Clomiphene increases LH only for as long as it works. As soon as clomiphene is canceled, the LH level begins to decrease to the same values that were before the start of therapy.

clomiphene therapy

On the graph, you can see how testosterone behaves on maintenance therapy for a year, from 1 to 13 tests, which were once a month. 14 the delivery of tests was 4 months after the cancellation of clomiphene. In this analysis, the level of testsoteron returned to the same values that were before the start of therapy.

From this graph, it can be seen that the testosterone level was good only while taking clomiphene, and there is no effect of testosterone retention after discontinuation of medications in maintenance therapy.

Interesting notes on therapy

  1. Testosterone in good values, more than 20+ nmol/L, does not come out very quickly. Initially, the man had a very low testosterone of 9 nmol/ l, after a month it rose only to 14.6 mmol / L. After 2-3 months it was at the level of 20 nmol/ l and only after 5-6 months it reached 30 nmol/l.
  2. There may be fluctuations in testosterone levels on the therapy itself. Here is an example of the fact that throughout the year testosterone fluctuated between 20-30 nmol/L. This happens if testosterone has dropped from 30 nmol/l to 20 nmol/l, this does not mean that therapy does not work, it’s time to finish and only HRT remains. Such fluctuations can be – this is normal. The main thing is to compare testosterone not only with the previous analysis or analysis at the highest point, but also with the initial analysis. Even if testosterone drops from 30 nmol/l to 20 nmol/l, it is still 2 times more than the original 9 nmol/l.
  3. After maintenance therapy, testosterone does not hold at all. Clomiphene therapy is initially a stimulating, supportive therapy. It increases the level of LH, which is low for one reason or another, which increases and keeps the testosterone level in good values. After the withdrawal of clomiphene, essentially what stimulates the level of LH, testosterone levels are reduced to the initial tests. In this case, the analysis with 30 nmol/l was in early March. Then the coronavirus and self-isolation, the cancellation of medications and tests in early July, the testosterone level is the same as the original one, which was almost 2 years ago.

Natural conception

Natural conception is what future parents who are planning a pregnancy are striving for. It is natural: without the intervention of doctors! Fortunately, in the vast majority of cases, pregnancy occurs “by itself”, without any special manipulations. Some parents are examined before planning, and sometimes they “calculate” the necessary days to achieve the goal faster.

What should I do if I can’t get what I want? To begin with, it is worth remembering exactly how conception occurs.

Conception

During sexual intercourse, spermatozoa enter the vagina and begin to move along the reproductive tract: through the cervix, the uterine cavity, and then, through the hole in the tube corners, into the tubes. It is in one of the tubes that they meet with the egg. The embryo formed as a result of fertilization moves towards the uterus and on the 5th-6th day of development enters the uterine cavity, where implantation takes place (attachment to the uterine wall).

In other words, in order for this meeting to take place, it is necessary to comply with the mandatory conditions: the pipes must be passable, and the sperm must be capable of fertilization (as doctors say, be fertile enough).

Determining the day of ovulation

If these conditions are met, sexual intercourse should occur as close as possible to ovulation; to understand exactly when ovulation will occur, it is enough, for example, to install an application on a smartphone, and it will indicate “dangerous” days. Or, calculating the duration of the cycle, divide the number of days from menstruation to menstruation (take 30 days for convenience) by two. It is during this period (in our example, it is 15-16 days) that ovulation should be expected. It should be taken into account that phase II is usually no shorter than 13-14 days. You can use the services of a gynecologist who, with the help of ultrasound, will be able to very accurately determine the day of ovulation – doctors call such a scheme “programmed conception“.

Natural conception – Additional recommendations

A married couple planning a pregnancy should naturally adhere to some recommendations that will reduce the risk to offspring and facilitate pregnancy. This kind of advice is given to the family, bearing in mind that compliance with them is desirable for both spouses. It is recommended to give up smoking tobacco and other smoking herbs, from the use of strong alcohol, drugs; walks in clean air and the absence of inflammatory diseases are desirable (relevant during epidemics). Reception of vitamin and mineral complexes – taking into account the season and the region of residence.

The only recommendation only for a woman is taking clomid or folic acid at a dose of 400-800 mcg, which reliably prevents the pathology of the neural tube in the unborn child; admission should begin 2-3 months before the planned pregnancy.

How is the stimulation for conception carried out in a natural way

Stimulation is possible only if the patency of the tubes and the fertility of the sperm are proven, it is also necessary to make sure that there is no pathology of the uterus and appendages; in some cases, the Kurzrock-Miller test is performed (a test for compatibility of sperm and cervical mucus). With an unspecified condition of the fallopian tubes and the general condition of the reproductive organs (pelvis, uterus, appendages), stimulation can lead to extremely undesirable consequences, of which the most formidable is ectopic pregnancy. Naturally, ectopic pregnancy can occur regardless of whether there was stimulation, but unjustified stimulation creates conditions under which the occurrence of ectopic pregnancy is more likely.

For stimulation, in most cases, so-called gonadotropins are used. It is accepted to prescribe small doses from 4-6 days of the menstrual cycle. The doses and the day of the start of stimulation are selected in such a way that 2-3 follicles grow in the cycle. It is the growth of more than one follicle (and therefore an egg) that increases the chances of pregnancy in this cycle. The purpose of stimulation is jewelry work: it is important to prevent the growth of a large number of follicles, and, at the same time, to achieve synchronous growth of two or three. It is customary to prescribe a trigger drug that will help the follicles to circulate at the same time and tell you exactly when you need to try to conceive a child.

We add that by agreeing to stimulation for conception, parents should be aware that such stimulation increases the likelihood of multiple pregnancies, because mature eggs have an equal chance of fertilization.

A special situation is when stimulation is used to treat anovulation (absence of spontaneous ovulation): the purpose of treatment in this case may consist in a whole range of measures, depending on the cause of the pathology.

Female hormonal stimulation of ovulation

Hormonal stimulation of ovulation: many women who undergo infertility treatment by in vitro fertilization (IVF) are often interested in questions:

  • Do hormonal drugs used during IVF reduce the ovarian reserve?
  • Won’t all the follicles be taken away during ovarian puncture?
  • Will hormonal stimulation bring the onset of menopause closer?

As part of this short article, we will try to answer the questions posed. And let’s start with the theoretical part.

Hormonal stimulation of ovulation

Ovarian (ovarian) reserve is an internal reserve of the ovaries, which determines their ability to develop a healthy follicle with a full-fledged egg. The ovarian reserve not only reflects the total number of follicles contained in the ovaries, but also their functional state.

The follicular reserve is laid in utero, is not replenished during a woman’s life, does not increase, is individual, and normally by the time of the formation of menstrual function, a girl has an average of 270,000- 470,000 follicles.

hormonal stimulation of ovulation

During one menstrual cycle, as a rule, one follicle grows and reaches the ovulation stage. On average, 400-500 follicles reach ovulation in a woman’s entire life, and the rest undergo atresia (reverse development). Thus, with each menstrual cycle, the total number of follicles decreases, and with their complete disappearance, menopause occurs. The mechanisms of atresia and apoptosis ensure the survival of the strongest follicles, in which genetically healthy oocytes are most likely to mature.

In natural conditions, by the beginning of the next menstrual cycle, a cohort of antral follicles is formed in a woman, of which one pre-ovulatory is isolated by the time of ovulation, while the rest undergo reverse development.

Hormonal drugs

Hormonal drugs used during the IVF program, the so-called “ovulation inducers”, have an effect on almost all follicles that have reached the antral stage, without affecting the entire ovarian reserve. Thus, in a stimulated cycle, it is possible to obtain high-quality eggs even from those follicles that would be “lost” to a woman under natural conditions. From this it can be concluded that stimulation does not lead to premature depletion of the follicular apparatus, does not reduce fertility and, thereby, does not bring the age of menopause closer.

All of the above confirms that the most important physiological factors determining the ovarian reserve are the genetic predisposition and age of the patient.

Studies conducted in recent years have shown that the rate of follicle disappearance doubles when the primordial pool is reduced to 25,000 follicles, which normally corresponds to the age of 37.5 years. This age is defined as critical, after which the ovarian reserve itself decreases sharply. However, there are significant individual characteristics in the time of menarche (10-16 years), the time of menopause (45-55 years), the onset of which is determined only by the individual biological age of a woman.

The correct selection of the stimulation scheme will allow you to get the optimal number of the highest quality eggs without causing any harm to health.

Lack of ovulation: reasons and what to do

If pregnancy does not occur, then you should think about the lack of ovulation. Ovulation refers to the natural physiological processes that occur in the female body. It denotes the natural ability to procreate. During this period, a woman becomes pregnant, because the egg is secreted. This process falls in the middle of the menstrual period. However, if pregnancy does not occur, then it is worth considering, perhaps there is no ovulation, why? What are the reasons?

Important! This article is posted exclusively for educational purposes, the information cannot be used for self-diagnosis and self-treatment. To make a diagnosis and properly prescribe treatment, you should consult a doctor.

Ovulation may not be due to physiological reasons. For example, it is believed that if a girl has her period, then she can get pregnant. Of course, it can, but the probability of this is very low. Stable functioning of the reproductive system, regulation of hormone secretion are not established immediately, so teenage girls have irregular menstruation. Studies show that many menstrual cycles are anovulatory. This is due to the fact that the follicles do not mature normally, which improves over time.

Anovulation may also occur during pregnancy. The hormonal background of a woman is changed, there is no cyclic rhythmic release of hormones (read more here). And during lactation, prolactin increases in the blood, which also prevents ovulation, as with pathological hyperprolactinemia.

Lack of ovulation: The presence of diseases

Most often, the lack of ovulation is caused by a number of serious gynecological and endocrine diseases. Here are the main reasons why there is no ovulation:

  • polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS);
  • reduced estradiol content;
  • excessively high level of follicle-stimulating (FSH);
  • infantilism;
  • high degree of obesity;
  • exhaustion (anorexia);
  • hyperprolactinemia;
  • violation of pituitary function;
  • diseases of the thyroid gland.

If you examine patients with such diseases, you can understand why they do not ovulate. They usually have hormonal disorders that affect all stages of egg development.

Endocrine diseases play a special role. The fact is that the regulation of the secretion of certain hormones is interdependent. Therefore, women with diabetes mellitus, thyroid diseases often have problems with conception.

For example, such a pathology as insulin resistance, associated with a violation of the transfer of sugar into the cell, can cause anovulation. If glucose intake is disrupted, insulin production in the pancreas increases. The effect of insulin resistance on conception is still being studied, but it has been revealed that women with a change in the NOME index, which determines the level of disorders, more often develop polycystic ovary syndrome. It also occurs in type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Insulin resistance can be physiological and pathological in nature. Physiological is observed even in adolescent girls and if you do not adhere to proper nutrition, do not follow the regime, it can lead to the development of diabetes, PCOS and anovulation. Problems with conception can occur, even if a woman just got sick before ovulation, this can also negatively affect the process. After all, at this moment the body is involved in the fight against infection, the organs are working in stress mode, hormone production is changing, that’s the reason why ovulation is delayed and it is not. It may come later or not appear at all.

Chronic stress

Constant and increased stress is one of the essential reasons why there is no ovulation. Nervous overstrain, mental overload and chronic stress are among the most frequent causes of a delay in this process. Excessive shock can become a locking mechanism of ovulation. Moreover, with its complete absence for a very long period.

women lack of ovulation

Regulation of the reproductive function of the body is called neurohumoral. This suggests that the brain controls the secretion of hormonal substances. Stress, overstrain create pathological foci in the brain tissue that affect the production of gonadotropins. Therefore, the treatment of this type of disorders can be difficult and sometimes lengthy. If external factors of influence are not eliminated in a timely manner, the process may deepen and then not only pregnancy will not occur, but also the development of diseases of other organs is possible.

Is it possible to get pregnant without ovulation?

If you do lack of ovulation, then in no case should you lose heart, but you should go to the doctor. Perhaps here, in the absence of egg maturation, there is a serious pathology that needs to be urgently treated in order to observe how the tummy grows in the near future. Most likely, the doctor will talk about hormonal failure. To identify the cause of the absence of ovulation, it is recommended to first pass the necessary tests and undergo an ultrasound examination. And this act will be the most correct, because the doctor, based on the medical results, will tell you in detail how to get pregnant without ovulation in your particular case.

And yet, what does modern medicine offer us? Is it possible to get pregnant without ovulation? If the cause of the pathological condition does not lie in serious anatomical disorders, then hormone therapy is recommended, which will provoke the proper maturation of the egg. One of the treatment options is taking medications based on progesterone (for example, Clomid).

So, if you are not sure if it is possible to get pregnant without ovulation, then in this case it is best to set yourself up for a positive outcome. All that is required is to faithfully carry out medical appointments. Remember: proper treatment contributes to the achievement of the goal – pregnancy and the birth of a child.

How to stimulate the maturation of eggs

Stimulating egg maturation: To begin with, such a diagnosis (ovulation dysfunction) under no circumstances can be based on the results of a single examination. Such conclusions of the doctor are fraught with an absolutely useless course of treatment, and prescribed means to stimulate ovulation can cause great harm to the female body if taken unnecessarily. Remember that before thinking about treatment, you need to conduct an ultrasound examination during at least three cycles, and only then think about methods to combat the so-called anovulation.

When it comes to the ovaries, where full-fledged and ready-to-fertilize eggs do not mature, any doctor first of all thinks about the reasonableness of the use of hormonal drugs. The list of drugs used to stimulate ovulation is huge, so the appropriate treatment is prescribed on an individual basis. Nevertheless, there are a number of the most common drugs that we will now consider.

Stimulating egg maturation

Stimulation with clostilbegyt: is a drug that enhances the production of hormones through a direct effect on the pituitary gland and hypothalamus, which then gives an impetus to the maturation of follicles. Ovulation stimulation with clostilbegyt is a fairly well-established procedure – pregnancy occurs in 40% of cases.

An important factor here is a thorough medical examination, during which the doses of clostilbegyt should be established, as well as a further action plan, that is, a clear decision whether the egg will be fertilized in a natural way, or IVF will be needed.

stimulating egg maturation

As a rule, the reception of clostilbegyt begins on the fifth day of the menstrual cycle. Usually, the course of treatment begins with a dose of 50 g, but, again, everything is individual, and without the supervision of a doctor, it is better not to experiment even with the most proven proportions and frequencies of use of this drug. During use, increased sexual activity is recommended, which will increase the chances of a woman becoming pregnant in the shortest possible time. In the absence of visible results of the course of treatment, during the use of clostilbegyt to stimulate ovulation, the doctor may prescribe injections of chorionic gonadotropin. If such treatment is ineffective, the woman is offered to repeat the stimulation, switch to other drugs, or pay attention to surgical methods, such as ovarian cauterization and laparoscopy.

Drugs for ovulation stimulation

Nevertheless, clostilbegyt is far from the only drug used to stimulate ovulation. Among the most popular in use, it is also worth highlighting funds based on clomiphene.

One of the leaders is clomid, which, in addition to stimulating ovulation in women, is also used by men in bodybuilding. There are other names of this drug, for example, Fertomid, and other generics based on clomiphene.

Stimulating egg maturation with folk remedies

Often, the causes of prolonged female infertility cannot be established even by the most experienced doctors, which means that hopes for the appointment of an optimal course of treatment are also sent to the trash can. In such cases, desperate women often resort to “grandmother’s” advice, and, as it turned out, not in vain. Some folk remedies for stimulating egg maturation have confirmed their effectiveness after a number of successful pregnancies of women practicing certain methods, therefore, we will not ignore them either.

It should be taken into account that under no circumstances can phytotherapy be combined with the use of conventional hormonal drugs. In the opposite case, the hormonal background of a woman is at risk of being disturbed, and further medical treatment of infertility will not bring any results. Moreover, before using folk remedies to stimulate ovulation, a woman should carefully study the compatibility of herbs and infusions with her body, and prevent the incompatibility of phytopreparations with factors of her own body. For example, with polycystic ovaries, the use of sage is strictly prohibited, etc. It is strongly recommended to consult with your doctor before making your own course of treatment.

Ovulation after stimulation

In the case of a successful pregnancy after ovulation stimulation, a woman needs to be under the careful supervision of a doctor for the first few months, since at this time the risk of termination of pregnancy is significantly increased. Moreover, in order to avoid fetal hypoxia, a woman will have to periodically take blood tests to determine the level of hormones in her. A full medical examination should also become part of the routine of the expectant mother – after ovulation stimulation, the factors that negatively affect the course of pregnancy become much more than during natural pregnancy.

Bodybuilding Nutrition Plan: What to eat, what to avoid

A bodybuilding nutrition plan can be a daunting task. Indeed, the constant tinkering with containers, the choice of the most anabolic products, and cooking will tire anyone. Success in building powerful muscles will be achieved by those who follow a diet for a set, and eat relatively healthy foods. At the same time, it is not necessary to go crazy and run after organic bulgur grown in the fields of a secret farm. Quite ordinary food is able to satisfy the body’s need for micronutrients and eliminate the need to take additional dietary supplements or clomid. It is only important to be able to combine it all, and not forget to eat during.

2 phases of nutrition in bodybuilding

In bodybuilding, judges evaluate not how a person trains in the gym, but his physical condition. In this regard, weightlifting and powerlifting are easier. No one looks at your abs, and does not assess the presence or absence of a fat layer. A bodybuilder is forced to adhere to a fairly strict nutrition plan for a whole year in order to stand on the competitive stage for only 5 minutes. But what is even more difficult is the path of an ordinary fitness player. “Healthy lifestyle” nicknames do not use the help of pharmacology, and must monitor nutrition even more strictly in order to look good all year round.

Nutrition in bodybuilding is a constant alternation of two phases:

A set of muscle mass. The athlete eats a lot, consumes an “excessive” amount of calories from the point of view of the needs of the layman, and a lot of protein to provide muscle growth with the necessary “fuel” and energy.

Fat burning. The athlete cuts the caloric content of the diet, but tries to maintain the amount of protein at the normal level or even higher. For at least 12 weeks, an athlete eats with a calorie deficit, eats a lot of protein and fiber, a normal amount of fat, and quite a few carbohydrates. This phase leads the practitioner to the very appearance that everyone envies. After the end of the “drying”, you need to stay on a maintenance calorie for a while and start a new set.

Bodybuilding nutrition plan – The need for calories and macronutrients

On average, a bodybuilder needs more calories and macronutrients than an ordinary person of his age with the same weight indicators. The fact is that training should be provided energetically, which means that the amount of carbohydrates on the mass set may be higher than the figures recommended for ordinary citizens. On the mass set, you need to eat about 15% more calories than in the normal state.

bodybuilding nutrition plan

Muscle growth is an energy-intensive process, in addition to the cost of training, it itself increases calorie consumption. If it is a plus for “drying”, then it is necessary to cover this difference on the “mass”. For example, if a bodybuilder normally has a calorie requirement of 3000 kcal, then you will need to eat 3450 kcal on weight.

What to eat and what to avoid

General recommendations for the organization of a diet for human health sound like this:

  1. Avoid “processed” food with a low content of vitamins and minerals, choose whole grains instead of cereals, natural meat and fish instead of sliced and sausages, whole eggs instead of powder, and whole-grain pasta instead of instant noodles;
  2. Give up saturated hydrogenated fats. Say a firm “no” to margarine, rapeseed and soy oil and products from them, as these oils contain too much omega-6;
  3. Do not consume more than 10% of the daily calorie content with sugar and fructose. Take into account everything, including maltodextrin contained in gainers;
  4. Eat regularly, let the volume of portions be reasonable, you do not need to get up from the table with a weight. If you can’t “eat all the calories” with this condition, use a reasonable amount of gainer.

This is how the lists of bodybuilding products should look like:

  • Meat, fish and poultry – lean beef and pork steaks, lean pork tenderloin, chicken and turkey breasts, salmon, cod, tilapia, chicken thighs from farm chickens;
  • Dairy products – low–fat cottage cheese and yogurt with natural lactobacilli, skimmed milk, cheeses (limited);
  • Cereals – buckwheat, oatmeal, bulgur, pearl barley, bread from wholegrain flour, as well as pasta from it, soba, quince, rice, popcorn without butter, sauces, sugar;
  • Fruits – oranges, melons, apples, berries, pears, peaches, grapes;
  • Vegetables – all kinds, especially green leafy and broccoli;
  • Starchy vegetables – sweet potatoes and potatoes, green peas, milk ripeness corn;
  • Legumes – chickpeas, beans, green and ordinary peas, lentils, ordinary and red, white beans;
  • Vegetable oils – olive and avocado; Saturated fats – natural unsalted butter or ghee.

Foods to avoid – bodybuilding nutrition plan

  1. Alcohol. The same US FDA guides imply that a woman can drink 0.33 beer, or a glass of wine, or 1 shot of a strong drink, and a man can drink twice as much. But we must remember that alcohol can significantly affect recovery, and its use can contribute to slowing down protein synthesis, so it should be excluded during serious preparation;
  2. Sugar in foods and dishes. Cookies are better to bake at home, pies and casseroles too, wholegrain flour and a calorie-free sweetener based on stevia will be much more useful than a sweet supplement from ordinary sugar. A small amount of simple carbohydrates before and after exercise is useful, but it should be obtained from allowed grapes and peaches, not sugar. So it will be easier to gain the right amount of calories;
  3. Foods fried in fat. When heated, even the most useful oils turn into a potential source of inflammatory processes in the body. This slows down the recovery in bodybuilding, and is quite harmful to health. Therefore, it is better to eat fried fish and meat minimally. It is worth carefully reading the composition of nut pastes. They should not contain saturated hydrogenated fats.

Conclusion

Bodybuilding nutrition plan is a combination of mainly complex carbohydrates, healthy fats and full-fledged protein sources. Each meal should contain about 30 g of protein, or slightly less. It is better to stick to a fractional style of nutrition, if there are no problems with the pancreas, and use the most natural products. Nutrition for a set or drying is not a “diet” with a meal schedule, they are given in the article simply as an example of a varied diet. It is important to observe the number of calories, and stick to the right amount of portions, and at the same time try to eat as diverse as possible.